This comprehensive handbook, written by leading experts in the field, details of breakthrough research conducted by Gale breakthrough program - the Global Autonomous Language Exploitation in the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), while placing it in the context of previous research in the field of natural language and signal processing, artificial intelligence and machine translation. The most fundamental contrast between Gale and its predecessor program is a holistic process of integration of previously separate or sequential. The combination of different previous process has resulted in a significant research and breakthrough performance and have fundamentally changed the field of natural language processing and machine translation. This comprehensive handbook provides in-depth exploration into the latest technology in natural language and speech signal processing, and translation machinery, provide researchers, practitioners and students with authoritative reference on the topic.