ideally there is a complete description of the exact source and target language, while an additional description of an interface to the operating system, programming systems and programming environments, and for other compilers and libraries are often available. With the development of higher level machine-independent programming language comes the need to offer a compiler that can translate into machine language programs. To achieve this, the author determines the appropriate virtual machine (abstract machine) and aptly describes the preparation of each language source program into a virtual machine language related to logic, imperative, functional, and object-oriented programming language. This book is intended for computer science students. Knowledge of at least one imperative programming language is assumed, while for the chapters on the translation of functional programming languages and logic will be helpful to know the modern functional languages and Prolog.