A unique investigation of the state of the art in design, architecture, and implementation of advanced computing infrastructure and the applications they support Emerging large-scale scientific and engineering applications that require adaptive increase in the number of computing and storage resources to provide new insights into complex systems. This book presents a comprehensive study of architecture, design, and implementation of advanced computing infrastructure as well as adaptive applications developed and deployed using the infrastructure from different perspectives, including system architects, software engineers, computational scientists, and scientific applications. The first part of this book focuses on high performance scientific applications of adaptive and includes chapters that describe the high-impact, real-world application scenarios to motivate the need for sophisticated computing machines and outline their needs. Presents a representative of environmental problem solving and infrastructure, runtime management strategies, methods of partitioning and decomposition, and adaptive and dynamic applications Provides a unique collection of selected solutions and infrastructure that have a significant impact with the introduction of adequate materials Includes descriptions and experiences relating to the realistic modeling of adaptive applications in parallel and distributed systems Interdisciplinary approach of this reference provides a comprehensive discussion about the requirements, design challenges, the underlying philosophy of design, architecture, and implementation details of the mutation / advanced computing infrastructure.